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The Burma Campaign

1/8/2019

1 Comment

 
by Jessica Leung
The Burma Campaign: Jan 1942 - Aug 1945
From January 1st, 1886 to January 4th, 1948 Burma was a territory amassed by the British; who seized it for its tremendous wealth. Burma was wealthy due to the Silk Trade route and its agriculture. Burma’s precious resources such as rubies and gems, gas, oil, tin, and rubber made it a prime target for many countries seeking profitable commodities for the war effort.
The Prelude to War
(continued) The benefits of having these raw materials contributed to the economic production of other countries that can assist them in amassing great national wealth. Rubber can be used to produce tires as well a resource that was extremely valuable to the war effort. Nearly all war-related efforts needed rubber in order to achieve victory without rubber it would have been impossible for America success in WWII.
                              
Similarly, to British and American motives the Japanese came to occupy Burma as well for the same raw materials. It was the primary reason why the Japanese came to Burma but there were also other reasons militarily and politically. The Burma road was used to transport troops and supplies to the Chinese nationalists in the which the Japanese they intend to blockade them. Once they achieved that the Japanese were able to isolate the Chinese Nationalists from receiving necessary commodities to survive combat. The Route started from Lashio and ended in the Chinese province of Yunnan. Their campaign was the most successful in Burma outside of the Chinese regions during WWII when Chiang Kai Sheik was effectively forced out of the region and ended in a Japanese victory. There were many reasons for the victory as the British forces were weak, the Burmese were an uprising against the Empire for independence and overwhelming manpower from the opposing forces. In addition to these factors, the British were not prepared for a Japanese invasion as they were short on equipment and poor formation while in combat is the one many reasons why the British lost the region to Japanese.
Internal Conflict within the NATC
In addition to poor equipment and training, internal conflict between the allied forces caused rifts between Chinese, English, and American forces. China was a valuable member to the cause, but the British forces had their doubts about the alliance due to centuries of the political rift between the two nations. A fear the British had was that the Indian insurgents would uprise against them if the example was set for Chinese troops to become successful in combat and respected for their merit.
Americans respected the Chinese as a valuable part of the Alliance but despite their poor training and being ill-equipped General Stilwell reorganized their formations while accommodating them their units when he was assigned to his post on January 1942 believing that the Chinese troops did not have proper supply or accommodations from their own government. ​
Defeating the Japanese ​
Morale was low on the Burma road when the Japanese occupation closed off all access the Chinese troops would have for supplies and back up.  To make the situation more difficult the Fall of the Burma road in 1942 caused the British to stop supplying troops to reopen the roads as the British no longer saw any reason to help the Chinese. Despite the loss of the road Stilwell negotiated to train Chinese troops with Sheik.  They turned out to be a valuable source of victory for the NATC after 6-week retraining with American commanders. 

On October 1943, the NATC steadily began the offense to recapture Yup Bang Ga. Despite several attacks in an attempt to destroy the Chinese troops the Japanese general Tanaka was not able to break their formation or put a dent to their morale. The outcome was an astounding victory for the Chinese battalion ending with a 419 casualty and 429 were wounded. 

On April 7th the 1st Battalion pushed back Japanese troops on Yup Bang Ga and recaptured the city by setting up a post to block them from entering at the Village of Setan. By May 18th the Japanese attempted an attack on the 150th Battalion but failed to capture Myitkyina after the offensive have been put to a halt. By late June of 1945, the Japanese withdrew from Myitkyina and Burma’s Rail Road is open once again in allied hands. 
​
After the campaign ended for the Allies and NATO agreements were signed Burma became an independent country on January 4th, 1948. The last of the Allied troops left Burma and Burma is officially renamed Myanmar. The campaign is also significant due to consistent American participation from the beginning of the war to the end of WWII.​
Comprehensive WWII Campaign Map marking the historic events that took place in Burma by region. Photo by Geo Nova
Comprehensive WWII Campaign Map marking the historic events that took place in Burma by region. Photo by Geo Nova
The Burma Campaign Timeline
January 1st, 1886- Burma is colonized by the British. Burma becomes a British colony.
December 7th, 1941- Bombing of Pearl Harbor triggers American participation in WWII.
January 1942- General Stilwell becomes the leader of the NATC. Reorganized and retrained Chinese to prepare them for the Burma Campaign. The campaign is effective as it led to a string of victories.
August 1943- The Japanese “declared” Burma independence and established occupation of the country. Independence was a mere ploy to gain control of Burma. The Burmese catch on that the Japanese do not intend to grant them true independence.
October 1943- The Burma Road Falls into Enemies Hands as a temporary victory for the Japanese. Temporarily defeating exhausted American forces.
December 1944- Allied offensive campaign begins Sin American army meet in Yunnan.
March 27th, 1945- Burmese uprising against Japanese occupation.
June 1945- The Japanese withdraw after being halted in India and leave Burma.
January 4th, 1948- Burma becomes an independent country after two centuries of occupation.

References
  1. Frey, Kurt M. Colonel. Burma Campaigns: Battles Over Lines Of Communication
  2. Schwartz, Jill < https://www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/sustainability-works/posts/myanmar-looks-to-create-sustainable-rubber-industry >
  3. Sullivan R, Gordon. < https://history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm >

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1 Comment
William Peacock
1/19/2021 04:45:09 am

I understand that a 3rd cousin of mine, Captain Raymond Arthur Deaves took part in the Burma campaign as a member of the 23rd India Div Signals. He was awarded GSM & clasp in 1946 for his service in Burma. Is there a way that I could find out more about his role please? Thank you & best wishes

Reply



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  • Home
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      • Unit 731 - Guide >
        • Background of Biochemical Warfare Development
        • Imperial Japan's Chemical Warfare Development Program
        • Map of Unit 731
        • Personnel of Unit 731
        • Duties of Unit 731
        • Human Experimentation
        • [GRAPHIC] Germ Warfare Attacks
        • Cover Ups After the War
        • [OLD] Cover Ups After the War
      • Philippines' Resistance - Guide >
        • Philippines World War II Timeline
        • The Japanese Invasion & Conquest of the Philippines
        • Bataan Death March
        • Formation of Underground Philippines Resistance
        • Supplies of the Guerrilla Fighters
        • The Hukbalahap
        • Hunter's ROTC
        • Marking's Guerrillas
        • United States Army Forces in the Philippines of Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL)
        • The Aetas
        • Chinese and Filipino-Chinese Nationalist Guerrilla Units
        • The Female Faces of the Philippine Guerrillas
      • Rising Sun Flag - Guide >
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        • Atrocities Committed Under the Flag
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        • The Legacy of the Asian Women Soldier
      • Fall of Singapore - Guide >
        • Singapore World War II Timeline
        • History of World War II in the Pacific
        • History of Singapore
        • Japan's Conquest in Asia
        • Japan's Invasion of the Malay Peninsula
        • Sook Ching Massacre
        • Double Tenth Incident
        • Social Changes and Challenges in Singapore
        • Voices from Syonan
        • Return to British Rule
      • Three Years and Eight Months - Guide >
        • Hong Kong before WW2
        • Buildup to World War 2
        • The Battle of Hong Kong
        • Life during 3 Years and 8 Months
        • East River Column Guerrilla Fighters
        • Prisoners of War Camps
        • End of Japanese Occupation
        • War Crimes Trials
      • Siamese Sovereignty - Guide >
        • The Land of Smiles
        • The Thai-Japanese Relationship
        • Phibun’s Domestic and International Policies
        • The Free Thai Resistance Movement
        • Post WW2 Aftermath of Thailand
      • The Khabarovsk War Crimes Trial - Guide >
        • Defendants of Khabarovsk War Crime
        • The Japanese Empire and USSR in WW2
        • The Employment of the Bacteriological Weapon in the War
        • Planning of Japan invasion to USSR
      • Unit 731 Cover-up : The Operation Paperclip of the East - Guide >
        • Establishing Manchukuo
        • The Development of Unit 731
        • Plan Kantokuen and Bacteriological Warfare
        • The Downfall of the Japanese WW2 Era
        • Three Stages of Interrogations
        • Lasting Impacts
      • Marutas of Unit 731 - Guide >
        • How did Ishii Shiro start unit 731?
        • A Beta Testing Site
        • Establishing Pingfan
        • Experiences at the Human Experimentation Complex
        • Vivisection at the Unit 731
        • Anta Testing Grounds
        • Overall Advance from the Laboratory Creations
        • The End of the War
      • Prince Konoe Memoir - Guide >
        • Who is Prince Konoe?
        • Preparation to Tripartite Pact
        • Emperor Hirohito and Prince Konoe
        • The End of Prince Konoe
      • Competing Empires in Burma - Guide >
        • What was the China-Burma-India Theater?
        • When did the China-Burma-India Theater Happen?
        • Who Fought in the China-Burma-India Theater?
        • The Second Sino Japanese War
        • Japan in the South
        • Operation U-Go
      • Battle of Shanghai - Guide >
        • The Battle of Shanghai. Background
        • Shanghai Before War
        • The First Battle of Shanghai 1932
        • Battle of Shanghai 1937
        • Aftermath of Battle for Shanghai
      • Ishi Shiro - Guide >
        • History of Biological Weapons and The Young Ishii Shiro
        • Establishment in Manchuria
        • Pingfang District - Harbin
        • Failures and Corruption
        • Post War
      • Taiwan The Israel of the East - Guide >
        • Background of Formosa
        • Industrialization of Japan
        • China During WWII
        • Taiwan under Kuomintang
        • New Taiwanese National Identity
      • Seeking Justice for Biological Warfare Victims of Unit 731 - Guide >
        • Introduction of Wang Xuan
        • Colonel Memorandum
        • The Beginning of Biological Warfare
        • The Bacteriological Warfare on China
        • Victims in Zhejiang’s Testimonies
        • After the War
      • Rice and Revolution - Guide >
        • The French Colonial Period
        • Anti-Colonial Resistance
        • The Rise of the Communist Movement
        • Imperial Japan’s Entry into Indochina
        • The Portents of Famine
        • The Famine (1944-45)
        • Legacy of the 1944-45 Vietnam Famine
      • Clash of Empires - Guide >
        • Japan’s Imperialist Origins
        • Japan’s Competition against the West: Nanshin-ron and Hokushin-ron
        • Japanese Imperialism Through the Lens of French Indochina
        • The U.S.-Japan Relations and the Pearl Harbor Attack
      • Hunger for Power and Self-SufficiencyI - Guide >
        • The Influence of War Rations on Post-War Culinary Transformations
        • How World War II Complicated Food Scarcity and Invention
        • American Military Innovations
        • Government-Sponsored Food Inventions in Europe during World War II
        • Feeding the Army: The Adaptation of Japanese Military Cuisine and Its Impact on the Philippines
        • Mixed Dishes: Culinary Innovations Driven by Necessity and Food Scarcity
    • Lesson Plans >
      • Reparations
      • Ethics in Science
      • Writing the Narrative of a Pinay Fighter
      • Privilege Journal
      • Environmental Injustices
      • Female Guerrillas
      • Hunter's ROTC
      • Scientific Advancements
      • Seeking Justice: A Humanities Lesson Plan
      • The Hukbalahap
      • Trading Immunity
      • Bataan Death March
      • Biochemical Warfare Development
Contribute