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      • Unit 731 - Guide >
        • Background of Biochemical Warfare Development
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        • Duties of Unit 731
        • Human Experimentation
        • [GRAPHIC] Germ Warfare Attacks
        • Cover Ups After the War
        • [OLD] Cover Ups After the War
      • Philippines' Resistance - Guide >
        • Philippines World War II Timeline
        • The Japanese Invasion & Conquest of the Philippines
        • Bataan Death March
        • Formation of Underground Philippines Resistance
        • Supplies of the Guerrilla Fighters
        • The Hukbalahap
        • Hunter's ROTC
        • Marking's Guerrillas
        • United States Army Forces in the Philippines of Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL)
        • The Aetas
        • Chinese and Filipino-Chinese Nationalist Guerrilla Units
        • The Female Faces of the Philippine Guerrillas
      • Rising Sun Flag - Guide >
        • History of the Rising Sun Flag
        • Atrocities Committed Under the Flag
        • Rising Sun Flag in Pop Culture
      • Pinay Guerrilleras - Guide >
        • Japanese Occupation of the Philippine Islands: Pinays Answering the Call to Arms
        • The Fierce Heneralas and Kumanders of the Hukbalahap Guerrillas
        • Amazons of the Pacific Theater
        • Filipina American Veterans: Recovering the Extraordinary Feats of the Ordinary Pinays
        • The Legacy of the Asian Women Soldier
      • Fall of Singapore - Guide >
        • Singapore World War II Timeline
        • History of World War II in the Pacific
        • History of Singapore
        • Japan's Conquest in Asia
        • Japan's Invasion of the Malay Peninsula
        • Sook Ching Massacre
        • Double Tenth Incident
        • Social Changes and Challenges in Singapore
        • Voices from Syonan
        • Return to British Rule
      • Three Years and Eight Months - Guide >
        • Hong Kong before WW2
        • Buildup to World War 2
        • The Battle of Hong Kong
        • Life during 3 Years and 8 Months
        • East River Column Guerrilla Fighters
        • Prisoners of War Camps
        • End of Japanese Occupation
        • War Crimes Trials
      • Siamese Sovereignty - Guide >
        • The Land of Smiles
        • The Thai-Japanese Relationship
        • Phibun’s Domestic and International Policies
        • The Free Thai Resistance Movement
        • Post WW2 Aftermath of Thailand
      • The Khabarovsk War Crimes Trial - Guide >
        • Defendants of Khabarovsk War Crime
        • The Japanese Empire and USSR in WW2
        • The Employment of the Bacteriological Weapon in the War
        • Planning of Japan invasion to USSR
      • Unit 731 Cover-up : The Operation Paperclip of the East - Guide >
        • Establishing Manchukuo
        • The Development of Unit 731
        • Plan Kantokuen and Bacteriological Warfare
        • The Downfall of the Japanese WW2 Era
        • Three Stages of Interrogations
        • Lasting Impacts
      • Marutas of Unit 731 - Guide >
        • How did Ishii Shiro start unit 731?
        • A Beta Testing Site
        • Establishing Pingfan
        • Experiences at the Human Experimentation Complex
        • Vivisection at the Unit 731
        • Anta Testing Grounds
        • Overall Advance from the Laboratory Creations
        • The End of the War
      • Prince Konoe Memoir - Guide >
        • Who is Prince Konoe?
        • Preparation to Tripartite Pact
        • Emperor Hirohito and Prince Konoe
        • The End of Prince Konoe
      • Competing Empires in Burma - Guide >
        • What was the China-Burma-India Theater?
        • When did the China-Burma-India Theater Happen?
        • Who Fought in the China-Burma-India Theater?
        • The Second Sino Japanese War
        • Japan in the South
        • Operation U-Go
      • Battle of Shanghai - Guide >
        • The Battle of Shanghai. Background
        • Shanghai Before War
        • The First Battle of Shanghai 1932
        • Battle of Shanghai 1937
        • Aftermath of Battle for Shanghai
      • Ishi Shiro - Guide >
        • History of Biological Weapons and The Young Ishii Shiro
        • Establishment in Manchuria
        • Pingfang District - Harbin
        • Failures and Corruption
        • Post War
      • Taiwan The Israel of the East - Guide >
        • Background of Formosa
        • Industrialization of Japan
        • China During WWII
        • Taiwan under Kuomintang
        • New Taiwanese National Identity
      • Seeking Justice for Biological Warfare Victims of Unit 731 - Guide >
        • Introduction of Wang Xuan
        • Colonel Memorandum
        • The Beginning of Biological Warfare
        • The Bacteriological Warfare on China
        • Victims in Zhejiang’s Testimonies
        • After the War
      • Rice and Revolution - Guide >
        • The French Colonial Period
        • Anti-Colonial Resistance
        • The Rise of the Communist Movement
        • Imperial Japan’s Entry into Indochina
        • The Portents of Famine
        • The Famine (1944-45)
        • Legacy of the 1944-45 Vietnam Famine
      • Clash of Empires - Guide >
        • Japan’s Imperialist Origins
        • Japan’s Competition against the West: Nanshin-ron and Hokushin-ron
        • Japanese Imperialism Through the Lens of French Indochina
        • The U.S.-Japan Relations and the Pearl Harbor Attack
      • Hunger for Power and Self-SufficiencyI - Guide >
        • The Influence of War Rations on Post-War Culinary Transformations
        • How World War II Complicated Food Scarcity and Invention
        • American Military Innovations
        • Government-Sponsored Food Inventions in Europe during World War II
        • Feeding the Army: The Adaptation of Japanese Military Cuisine and Its Impact on the Philippines
        • Mixed Dishes: Culinary Innovations Driven by Necessity and Food Scarcity
      • Denial A Quick Look of History of Comfort Women and Present Days’ Complication - Guide >
        • The Comfort Women System and the Fight for Recognition
        • The Role of Activism and International Pressure
        • The Controversy over Japanese History Textbooks
        • The Sonyŏsang Statue and the Symbolism of Public Memorials
        • Activism and Support from Japanese Citizens
        • The Future of Comfort Women Memorials and Education
      • Echoes of Empire: The Power of Japanese Propaganda - Guide >
        • Brief Overview of Imperial Japan
        • Defining Propaganda
        • Propaganda Encouraging Action​
        • The Rise of Nationalism
        • The Formation of Japanese State Propaganda
        • Youth and Education
      • Shadows of the Rising Sun: The Black Dragon Society and the Dawn of Pan-Asianism - Guide >
        • Origins of the Black Dragon Society
        • The Influence of Pan-Asianism
        • Relationship with Sun Yat-sen
        • The Role in Southeast Asia
        • The Spread of Ideology and Espionage
        • Disbandment and Legacy
      • Chongqing Bombing: The Forgotten Blitz of Asia and Its Lasting Impact - Guide >
        • Introduction and Historical Background
        • The Class Divide During the Bombings
        • Resilience and Unity of Chongqing
        • Key Incidents - Great Tunnel Massacre
        • The Aftermath of the Bombings
        • Legacy and Commemoration
      • Shanghai's International Zone: A Nexus of War, Intelligence, and Survival - Guide >
        • Historical Background
        • The International Zone
        • Battles in Shanghai
        • Civilian Intelligence Efforts
        • Wartime Brutality
        • Aftermath & Legacy
    • Lesson Plans >
      • Reparations
      • Ethics in Science
      • Writing the Narrative of a Pinay Fighter
      • Privilege Journal
      • Environmental Injustices
      • Female Guerrillas
      • Hunter's ROTC
      • Scientific Advancements
      • Seeking Justice: A Humanities Lesson Plan
      • The Hukbalahap
      • Trading Immunity
      • Bataan Death March
      • Biochemical Warfare Development
  • History Remembered
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History of Biological Weapons and The Young Ishii Shiro

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Establishment in Manchuria


Dr. Ishii Shiro’s plan required considerable funding, something only the Emperor of Japan at the time could approve. Fortunately for Ishii, Emperor Hirohito was a biologist and his love of science became evident in the fourth year of his regency in 1925. Hirohito had a small, well-equipped biological laboratory constructed within the Akasaka Palace, and three years later, in 1928, he had the Imperial Biological Research Institute built within the Fukiage Gardens. 
As an ambitious young researcher, Ishii needed a large scale unit where he could roam free. This could have only been done in Manchuria. Despite Japan experiencing an economic depression, he was provided an annual budget of 200,000 yen with a consistent yearly increase even when other units were suffering from budget cuts. It was a sign of how effectively charming Ishii was or how promising his presentations were.
Due to confidentiality surrounding the biological weapons research, Ishii used the alias “Tōgō Taro.” Togo Heihachiro was one of Ishii’s favorite war heroes and the greatest naval strategist who brought Japan victory over Russia during the Russo-Japanese War. Ishii adapted the name Captain Togo Hajime. He initially built a garrison facility in Beiyinhe, a village about 70 kilometers southeast of Harbin known as the Zhong Ma Complex. One day in 1932, Ishii and the Japanese army entered the village and evacuated the entire block where Xuan Hua and Wu Miao intersected. They occupied a multi-use structure which had supported 100 Chinese vendors selling clothes and food to the local villagers and set up a temporary site. In 1932, Saburō Endō, Director of Operations of the Kwantung Army, once inspected the “Tōgō Unit.”
​ In his book, The Fifteen Years’ Sino-Japanese War and Me, he described it as follows:
[It was] converted from a rather large soy sauce workshop, surrounded by high rammed earth wall. All the attending military doctors had pseudonyms, and they were strictly regulated ​and were not allowed to communicate with the outsiders. The name of the unit was “Tōgō Unit.” One by one, the experimental subjects were imprisoned in a sturdy iron lattice and inoculated with various pathogenic bacteria to observe changes in their condition. They used prisoners on Harbin’s death row for these experiments. It was said that it was for national defense purposes, but the experiments were performed with appalling brutality and the dead were burned in high-voltage electric furnaces, leaving no trace.
Inside these walls, Ishii was ruthless. Since he had an unlimited supply of “bandits” or “criminals” to experiment on, he did not keep his prisoners for more than a month. If he needed a brain specimen, his guards would enter a cell where prisoners were kept and smash open a prisoner’s brain before discarding the remains in the crematorium. Due to the Russo-Japanese relationship at the time, Ishii’s work was especially important regarding the potential for border disputes along the Manchurian Soviet border. The border was also known for its natural plague area. It was at Beiyinhe, when Ishii experimented on captured bandits using cholera and plague infected fleas, that he realized their effectiveness as biological weapons.
Because such activities were prohibited by international law, out of consideration for actual combat and taboo in human relations, the Tōgō Unit established a strict security system to keep its research highly confidential. Surprisingly, during the Mid Autumn Festival on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month in 1934, 16 Chinese prisoners escaped from prison, making it difficult for the Tōgō Unit to sustain its confidential nature. Of the 16 Chinese people who escaped, 12 fled to the Third Route Army of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army. After learning about the situation, the Third Route Army from the Chinese Communist Party attacked the Tōgō Unit in Beiyinhe. According to Japanese documents from that time, there were Japanese casualties after the attack. After the prison break incident, the secret was out. The Tōgō Unit closed its operations at Beiyinhe to prevent further disclosure of internal secrets. They first withdrew to the Army Military Medical School in Tokyo but later moved to Nangang, Harbin.

The
Members of Unit 731

Although the secret was out, Ishii’s inventions gained him recognition in the science community. The 1930s was a great decade for Ishii. As was his personality, he boasted about his supposed progress and medical advancement in Beiyinhe. He was so proud of his invention, he peed into the water filter and offered Emperor Hirohito a drink from his filtered urine during a visit in 1933. The Emperor refused his offer and he allegedly drank his own filtered urine. He was flying between Manchuria and Japan giving lectures at both Kyoto Imperial University and Tokyo Army Medical College as well as lobbying military High Command and recruiting students from colleges. Of course, Dr. Ishii Shiro maintained a work-life balance by never letting work get in the way of his pleasure. At this point in his life, he was raising a large family, overseeing research at Beiyinhe, lobbying military commanders, recruiting the brightest minds in Japan, and frequenting the geisha houses. On August 1, 1935, he was promoted to Surgeon-Lieutenant Colonel.

Tōgō Unit

The world did not have much research on biological weapons so it was hard for Ishii’s enemies and his peers to question his presentations. His amazing showmanship served to be very convincing regarding his research during his presentations. On May 30, 1936, the Tōgō Unit, also known as the “Kamo Unit”, led by Shirō Ishii was awarded the “Army Regulation ‘A’ No. 7” i.e., confidential military matters of the Japanese army by the Emperor and became an official army. With such a large unit and budget, it seemed that Ishii must have had friends in the highest of places in Japan. It was no longer an agency part of the Epidemic Prevention Institute of the Army Military Medical School but was directly under the Kwantung Army. Moreover, it established a large base in Pingfang district: Central Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army for the formal formation and adaptation of the army under the order of the Japanese Central Army. On August 1, 1936, Ishii was appointed as Chief of the Kwantung Army Boeki Kyusui Bu, which meant, Anti-Epidemic Water Supply and Purification Bureau.
His invention not only earned him a boost in the military, he was able to sell it to private companies and sold his water filter design to the Nippon Tokushu Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha company. The company’s water filter manufacturing plant was conveniently located near Ishii’s Tokyo laboratory. For the design, Ishii earned a handsome consulting fee of 50,000 yen, notably merely a slight hint of his corrupt career.

Picture
The Unit 731 complex

In 1939, the Battles of Khalkhin Gol broke out as a consequence of Soviet-Japanese border conflicts. This conflict was named after the river Khalkhin Gol where the battles mostly took place. As the Kwantung Army was located in Manchuria, they were deployed for the battle. As an opportunist, Ishii used this incident to test his biological warfare theories. The Ishii Unit showed off their defensive water filter since he was the expert in water purification at the time. Although Ishii’s Unit was present, a large number of Japanese soldiers still died from open wounds and 30% of the deaths were caused by dysentery, which the Japanese believed was caused by an aerial bomb of the Soviets.
Ishii had lobbied the military leaders into allowing him to deploy biological warfare against the Soviets. However, his superiors did not allow such tactics until they were about to lose. Ishii then executed his strategy. In August of 1939, toward the end of the war, his superiors approved. He used 24 of his Youth Corps recruits as “suicide squads” to drop pathogens onto the Soviet side of the Holsten River, a tributary of the Halha River. All of his Youth Corps recruiters were from his same village, so even in the war field, he was able to employ his feudal status on fellows from his region Although his efforts were too little too late, he did demonstrate that biological weapons could work against enemies and allowed the empire to explore this particular method for future tactical warfare. The data on this attack was incomplete and it is not clear how many Soviet soldiers actually suffered from the attack, meaning that casualties were not widespread enough for the official data to be tracked. This could have been due to the typhoid bacillus and other pathogens losing their effectiveness in a large body of water such as a river. However, the combat did backfire and at least one Japanese soldier lost his life after becoming infected when he spilled liquid from a drum filled with contaminated water while dumping it into the river. He died of typhoid fever in Hailar at an army hospital.
After the affair, the Ishii Unit received a special commendation from the Kwantung Army Commanding General. On April 29th, 1940, he received a 3rd Order of the Golden Kite and the Middle Cord of the Rising Sun for his service at the Nomonhan Incident.

Related Book

Ishii Shiro: Josef Mengele of the East book cover
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Guide: Ishi Shiro:
​Joseph Mengele of the East

The Japanese occupation of Manchuria promised many opportunities for young scientists who wanted to utilize their training and curiosity to advance Japanese military capabilities. Recently graduated medical student Ishii Shiro seized this occasion, and with funding from the War Ministry of Imperial Japan, founded Unit 731, a biological and chemical warfare research and development arm of the IJA. With consent and funding from the military and government, he recruited the brightest minds from Japan to conduct fatal human experimentation, develop bubonic plague bombs to unleash on nearby villages, and test biological and chemical weapons. 

Within a few years, he rapidly climbed the ranks, going from Captain to General for the Imperial Japanese Army. His impact and power overshadowed his European counterpart, Josef Mengele. After the war, he faked his death, but the CIA was able to locate him. However, he negotiated immunity and was never brought to justice in what came to be known as the elaborate American coverup of Japanese war crimes.

Ishii Shiro: Josef Mengele of the East is a biography based on declassified documents found in the National Archives and Records Administration. This book includes documents from the CIA, Far East Asia Command Center, U.S. Naval Operations, the Khabavosk War Crimes Trial, and precords that survived by chance in Tokyo. 

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Pingfang District - Harbin

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  • Home
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      • Unit 731 - Guide >
        • Background of Biochemical Warfare Development
        • Imperial Japan's Chemical Warfare Development Program
        • Map of Unit 731
        • Personnel of Unit 731
        • Duties of Unit 731
        • Human Experimentation
        • [GRAPHIC] Germ Warfare Attacks
        • Cover Ups After the War
        • [OLD] Cover Ups After the War
      • Philippines' Resistance - Guide >
        • Philippines World War II Timeline
        • The Japanese Invasion & Conquest of the Philippines
        • Bataan Death March
        • Formation of Underground Philippines Resistance
        • Supplies of the Guerrilla Fighters
        • The Hukbalahap
        • Hunter's ROTC
        • Marking's Guerrillas
        • United States Army Forces in the Philippines of Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL)
        • The Aetas
        • Chinese and Filipino-Chinese Nationalist Guerrilla Units
        • The Female Faces of the Philippine Guerrillas
      • Rising Sun Flag - Guide >
        • History of the Rising Sun Flag
        • Atrocities Committed Under the Flag
        • Rising Sun Flag in Pop Culture
      • Pinay Guerrilleras - Guide >
        • Japanese Occupation of the Philippine Islands: Pinays Answering the Call to Arms
        • The Fierce Heneralas and Kumanders of the Hukbalahap Guerrillas
        • Amazons of the Pacific Theater
        • Filipina American Veterans: Recovering the Extraordinary Feats of the Ordinary Pinays
        • The Legacy of the Asian Women Soldier
      • Fall of Singapore - Guide >
        • Singapore World War II Timeline
        • History of World War II in the Pacific
        • History of Singapore
        • Japan's Conquest in Asia
        • Japan's Invasion of the Malay Peninsula
        • Sook Ching Massacre
        • Double Tenth Incident
        • Social Changes and Challenges in Singapore
        • Voices from Syonan
        • Return to British Rule
      • Three Years and Eight Months - Guide >
        • Hong Kong before WW2
        • Buildup to World War 2
        • The Battle of Hong Kong
        • Life during 3 Years and 8 Months
        • East River Column Guerrilla Fighters
        • Prisoners of War Camps
        • End of Japanese Occupation
        • War Crimes Trials
      • Siamese Sovereignty - Guide >
        • The Land of Smiles
        • The Thai-Japanese Relationship
        • Phibun’s Domestic and International Policies
        • The Free Thai Resistance Movement
        • Post WW2 Aftermath of Thailand
      • The Khabarovsk War Crimes Trial - Guide >
        • Defendants of Khabarovsk War Crime
        • The Japanese Empire and USSR in WW2
        • The Employment of the Bacteriological Weapon in the War
        • Planning of Japan invasion to USSR
      • Unit 731 Cover-up : The Operation Paperclip of the East - Guide >
        • Establishing Manchukuo
        • The Development of Unit 731
        • Plan Kantokuen and Bacteriological Warfare
        • The Downfall of the Japanese WW2 Era
        • Three Stages of Interrogations
        • Lasting Impacts
      • Marutas of Unit 731 - Guide >
        • How did Ishii Shiro start unit 731?
        • A Beta Testing Site
        • Establishing Pingfan
        • Experiences at the Human Experimentation Complex
        • Vivisection at the Unit 731
        • Anta Testing Grounds
        • Overall Advance from the Laboratory Creations
        • The End of the War
      • Prince Konoe Memoir - Guide >
        • Who is Prince Konoe?
        • Preparation to Tripartite Pact
        • Emperor Hirohito and Prince Konoe
        • The End of Prince Konoe
      • Competing Empires in Burma - Guide >
        • What was the China-Burma-India Theater?
        • When did the China-Burma-India Theater Happen?
        • Who Fought in the China-Burma-India Theater?
        • The Second Sino Japanese War
        • Japan in the South
        • Operation U-Go
      • Battle of Shanghai - Guide >
        • The Battle of Shanghai. Background
        • Shanghai Before War
        • The First Battle of Shanghai 1932
        • Battle of Shanghai 1937
        • Aftermath of Battle for Shanghai
      • Ishi Shiro - Guide >
        • History of Biological Weapons and The Young Ishii Shiro
        • Establishment in Manchuria
        • Pingfang District - Harbin
        • Failures and Corruption
        • Post War
      • Taiwan The Israel of the East - Guide >
        • Background of Formosa
        • Industrialization of Japan
        • China During WWII
        • Taiwan under Kuomintang
        • New Taiwanese National Identity
      • Seeking Justice for Biological Warfare Victims of Unit 731 - Guide >
        • Introduction of Wang Xuan
        • Colonel Memorandum
        • The Beginning of Biological Warfare
        • The Bacteriological Warfare on China
        • Victims in Zhejiang’s Testimonies
        • After the War
      • Rice and Revolution - Guide >
        • The French Colonial Period
        • Anti-Colonial Resistance
        • The Rise of the Communist Movement
        • Imperial Japan’s Entry into Indochina
        • The Portents of Famine
        • The Famine (1944-45)
        • Legacy of the 1944-45 Vietnam Famine
      • Clash of Empires - Guide >
        • Japan’s Imperialist Origins
        • Japan’s Competition against the West: Nanshin-ron and Hokushin-ron
        • Japanese Imperialism Through the Lens of French Indochina
        • The U.S.-Japan Relations and the Pearl Harbor Attack
      • Hunger for Power and Self-SufficiencyI - Guide >
        • The Influence of War Rations on Post-War Culinary Transformations
        • How World War II Complicated Food Scarcity and Invention
        • American Military Innovations
        • Government-Sponsored Food Inventions in Europe during World War II
        • Feeding the Army: The Adaptation of Japanese Military Cuisine and Its Impact on the Philippines
        • Mixed Dishes: Culinary Innovations Driven by Necessity and Food Scarcity
      • Denial A Quick Look of History of Comfort Women and Present Days’ Complication - Guide >
        • The Comfort Women System and the Fight for Recognition
        • The Role of Activism and International Pressure
        • The Controversy over Japanese History Textbooks
        • The Sonyŏsang Statue and the Symbolism of Public Memorials
        • Activism and Support from Japanese Citizens
        • The Future of Comfort Women Memorials and Education
      • Echoes of Empire: The Power of Japanese Propaganda - Guide >
        • Brief Overview of Imperial Japan
        • Defining Propaganda
        • Propaganda Encouraging Action​
        • The Rise of Nationalism
        • The Formation of Japanese State Propaganda
        • Youth and Education
      • Shadows of the Rising Sun: The Black Dragon Society and the Dawn of Pan-Asianism - Guide >
        • Origins of the Black Dragon Society
        • The Influence of Pan-Asianism
        • Relationship with Sun Yat-sen
        • The Role in Southeast Asia
        • The Spread of Ideology and Espionage
        • Disbandment and Legacy
      • Chongqing Bombing: The Forgotten Blitz of Asia and Its Lasting Impact - Guide >
        • Introduction and Historical Background
        • The Class Divide During the Bombings
        • Resilience and Unity of Chongqing
        • Key Incidents - Great Tunnel Massacre
        • The Aftermath of the Bombings
        • Legacy and Commemoration
      • Shanghai's International Zone: A Nexus of War, Intelligence, and Survival - Guide >
        • Historical Background
        • The International Zone
        • Battles in Shanghai
        • Civilian Intelligence Efforts
        • Wartime Brutality
        • Aftermath & Legacy
    • Lesson Plans >
      • Reparations
      • Ethics in Science
      • Writing the Narrative of a Pinay Fighter
      • Privilege Journal
      • Environmental Injustices
      • Female Guerrillas
      • Hunter's ROTC
      • Scientific Advancements
      • Seeking Justice: A Humanities Lesson Plan
      • The Hukbalahap
      • Trading Immunity
      • Bataan Death March
      • Biochemical Warfare Development
  • History Remembered
Contribute