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Modernization and Democracy in China: Sun Yat-sen and His Revolutionary Road

10/11/2022

1 Comment

 
by Angela Xie
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Most people think of Chinese history as the splendid palaces and plentiful cultures in ancient dynasties or maybe the rise of the Chinese Communist Party and the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Indeed, either one of them was a significant part of Chinese history. This raises the question, "What happened between those two eras?"
It all points to a man named Sun Yat-sen. He is also known as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China and the "Forerunner of the Revolution" from his involvement in overthrowing the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. He was the one who brought democracy and modernization to China, deconstructing the dynasty system and dedicating his life to establishing a society that recognizes the rights of the people. 
Sun was born in 1866 to a poor farming family in Xiangshan, Guangdong, South China, and has long sought revolutions and changes to topple the Qing Dynasty. By 1879, his brother Sun Mei had brought him to Honolulu, where he first saw Western ideology. Thus, after receiving his first taste of a world beyond dynasty rule, he became a Christian; he saw that the Qing dynasty's dedication to tradition impeded the nation's development and desperately needed modernity.
In 1894, he abandoned his medical career in Guangzhou and traveled north to seek political fortunes. He attempted to connect with Li Hongzhang, governor-general of Zhili (now Hebei) province, but he did not receive anything useful from Li. In this case, Sun formed the Revive China Society (Xing Zhong Hui), which became the forerunner to the secret revolutionary organizations he eventually led. As far as can be discovered, the members were mostly Guangdong residents and members of lower socioeconomic strata, such as clerks, peasants, and artisans. 
While in exile, he garnered allies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan, promoted revolutionary ideals around the world, and gained followers in China from both the lower and educated classes. His revolutionary triumph was undoubtedly due to two factors: the Qing Dynasty's inevitable decline and the tremendous propaganda of Liang Qichao, a reformist who escaped to Japan in 1898, formed a Chinese press and made it an instant success. Soon after, in the autumn of 1911, the right combination of events converted a Wuchang insurgency into a nationalist revolution. Then, as the Qing court's losses mounted, it agreed to a set of proposals to change authoritarian imperial rule into a constitutional monarchy. Eventually, the Chinese emperor abdicated, and Sun was appointed temporary president of the Republic of China, the country's first formal democratic government.
Sun and his advocates believed in democracy. So they created slogans to establish democracy in China, which left a profound impact. One of the most well-known slogans was the Three Principles of the People, also called the Three Great Principles (Sanmin Zhuyi). It embodied the ideology of nationalism, democracy, and socialism.
Nationalism (民族主义 Minzu Zhuyi): Self-determination for the Chinese people as a whole, as well as equality among the country's ethnic groupings.
Democracy (民权主义 Minquan Zhuyi): controlling the government through elections, initiatives, referendums, and recalls can help people's rights.
Socialism (民生主义 Minsheng Zhuyi): people's livelihood is gained through equalization of land ownership and a just tax system.
These concepts were inspired by European and American political systems in which people were the foundation of a nation's power. Shortly afterward, Sun founded a new party, the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang), based on his beliefs. The Nationalists allied with the Chinese Communist Party in 1922. In response to communist demands for a more official party philosophy, Sun began the next winter with a series of lectures in which he clarified and defined his three principles. As the Chinese communists refer to him as "a pioneer of the revolution," Sun represented Chinese modernization. 
​​




Bibliography: 
"Sun Yat-Sen - the Revolution of 1911." n.d. In Encyclopedia Britannica.
 The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 2021. "Three Principles of the People." In Encyclopedia Britannica.
Sarkar, Paromita. 2019. "Three Principles of the People." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Related Reading: 

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11/15/2022 09:22:09 am

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  • Home
    • About >
      • FAQ's - Frequently Asked Questions
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      • Projects you can support! >
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        • Presenting at 112th Annual Meeting of Pacific Coast Branch
        • Summer Research Relocation Fund
    • Contact
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      • Black Hearts (2021)
    • Blog
    • Podcast: Forgotten History
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    • Summer 2021 Internship
    • Fall 2020- Spring 2021 Internship
    • Summer 2020 Internship
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    • Summer 2019 Internship >
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    • Summer 2017 Internship >
      • 2017 Summer Showcase & Fundraiser
  • Books
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  • Resource Page
    • Supplementary Research Guides >
      • Unit 731 - Guide >
        • Background of Biochemical Warfare Development
        • Imperial Japan's Chemical Warfare Development Program
        • Map of Unit 731
        • Personnel of Unit 731
        • Duties of Unit 731
        • Human Experimentation
        • [GRAPHIC] Germ Warfare Attacks
        • Cover Ups After the War
        • [OLD] Cover Ups After the War
      • Philippines' Resistance - Guide >
        • Philippines World War II Timeline
        • The Japanese Invasion & Conquest of the Philippines
        • Bataan Death March
        • Formation of Underground Philippines Resistance
        • Supplies of the Guerrilla Fighters
        • The Hukbalahap
        • Hunter's ROTC
        • Marking's Guerrillas
        • United States Army Forces in the Philippines of Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL)
        • The Aetas
        • Chinese and Filipino-Chinese Nationalist Guerrilla Units
        • The Female Faces of the Philippine Guerrillas
      • Rising Sun Flag - Guide >
        • History of the Rising Sun Flag
        • Atrocities Committed Under the Flag
        • Rising Sun Flag in Pop Culture
      • Pinay Guerrilleras - Guide >
        • Japanese Occupation of the Philippine Islands: Pinays Answering the Call to Arms
        • The Fierce Heneralas and Kumanders of the Hukbalahap Guerrillas
        • Amazons of the Pacific Theater
        • Filipina American Veterans: Recovering the Extraordinary Feats of the Ordinary Pinays
        • The Legacy of the Asian Women Soldier
      • Fall of Singapore - Guide >
        • Singapore World War II Timeline
        • History of World War II in the Pacific
        • History of Singapore
        • Japan's Conquest in Asia
        • Japan's Invasion of the Malay Peninsula
        • Sook Ching Massacre
        • Double Tenth Incident
        • Social Changes and Challenges in Singapore
        • Voices from Syonan
        • Return to British Rule
      • Three Years and Eight Months - Guide >
        • Hong Kong before WW2
        • Buildup to World War 2
        • The Battle of Hong Kong
        • Life during 3 Years and 8 Months
        • East River Column Guerrilla Fighters
        • Prisoners of War Camps
        • End of Japanese Occupation
        • War Crimes Trials
      • Siamese Sovereignty - Guide >
        • The Land of Smiles
        • The Thai-Japanese Relationship
        • Phibun’s Domestic and International Policies
        • The Free Thai Resistance Movement
        • Post WW2 Aftermath of Thailand
      • The Khabarovsk War Crimes Trial - Guide >
        • Defendants of Khabarovsk War Crime
        • The Japanese Empire and USSR in WW2
        • The Employment of the Bacteriological Weapon in the War
        • Planning of Japan invasion to USSR
      • Unit 731 Cover-up : The Operation Paperclip of the East - Guide >
        • Establishing Manchukuo
        • The Development of Unit 731
        • Plan Kantokuen and Bacteriological Warfare
        • The Downfall of the Japanese WW2 Era
        • Three Stages of Interrogations
        • Lasting Impacts
      • Marutas of Unit 731 - Guide >
        • How did Ishii Shiro start unit 731?
        • A Beta Testing Site
        • Establishing Pingfan
        • Experiences at the Human Experimentation Complex
        • Vivisection at the Unit 731
        • Anta Testing Grounds
        • Overall Advance from the Laboratory Creations
        • The End of the War
      • Prince Konoe Memoir - Guide >
        • Who is Prince Konoe?
        • Preparation to Tripartite Pact
        • Emperor Hirohito and Prince Konoe
        • The End of Prince Konoe
      • Competing Empires in Burma - Guide >
        • What was the China-Burma-India Theater?
        • When did the China-Burma-India Theater Happen?
        • Who Fought in the China-Burma-India Theater?
        • The Second Sino Japanese War
        • Japan in the South
        • Operation U-Go
      • Battle of Shanghai - Guide >
        • The Battle of Shanghai. Background
        • Shanghai Before War
        • The First Battle of Shanghai 1932
        • Battle of Shanghai 1937
        • Aftermath of Battle for Shanghai
      • Ishi Shiro - Guide >
        • History of Biological Weapons and The Young Ishii Shiro
        • Establishment in Manchuria
        • Pingfang District - Harbin
        • Failures and Corruption
        • Post War
      • Taiwan The Israel of the East - Guide >
        • Background of Formosa
        • Industrialization of Japan
        • China During WWII
        • Taiwan under Kuomintang
        • New Taiwanese National Identity
      • Seeking Justice for Biological Warfare Victims of Unit 731 - Guide >
        • Introduction of Wang Xuan
        • Colonel Memorandum
        • The Beginning of Biological Warfare
        • The Bacteriological Warfare on China
        • Victims in Zhejiang’s Testimonies
        • After the War
      • Rice and Revolution - Guide >
        • The French Colonial Period
        • Anti-Colonial Resistance
        • The Rise of the Communist Movement
        • Imperial Japan’s Entry into Indochina
        • The Portents of Famine
        • The Famine (1944-45)
        • Legacy of the 1944-45 Vietnam Famine
      • Clash of Empires - Guide >
        • Japan’s Imperialist Origins
        • Japan’s Competition against the West: Nanshin-ron and Hokushin-ron
        • Japanese Imperialism Through the Lens of French Indochina
        • The U.S.-Japan Relations and the Pearl Harbor Attack
      • Hunger for Power and Self-SufficiencyI - Guide >
        • The Influence of War Rations on Post-War Culinary Transformations
        • How World War II Complicated Food Scarcity and Invention
        • American Military Innovations
        • Government-Sponsored Food Inventions in Europe during World War II
        • Feeding the Army: The Adaptation of Japanese Military Cuisine and Its Impact on the Philippines
        • Mixed Dishes: Culinary Innovations Driven by Necessity and Food Scarcity
    • Lesson Plans >
      • Reparations
      • Ethics in Science
      • Writing the Narrative of a Pinay Fighter
      • Privilege Journal
      • Environmental Injustices
      • Female Guerrillas
      • Hunter's ROTC
      • Scientific Advancements
      • Seeking Justice: A Humanities Lesson Plan
      • The Hukbalahap
      • Trading Immunity
      • Bataan Death March
      • Biochemical Warfare Development
Contribute