Pacific Atrocities Education
  • Home
    • About >
      • FAQ's - Frequently Asked Questions
    • Support Us >
      • Projects you can support! >
        • Distributing Books
        • Presenting at 112th Annual Meeting of Pacific Coast Branch
        • Summer Research Relocation Fund
    • Contact
  • Stories
    • Videos >
      • Black Hearts (2021)
    • Blog
    • Podcast: Forgotten History
  • Internship
    • Summer 2025 Internship
    • Spring 2025 Internship
    • Summer 2024 Internship
    • Summer 2023 Internship
    • Fall 2022 Internship
    • Summer 2022 Internship
    • Summer 2021 Internship
    • Fall 2020- Spring 2021 Internship
    • Summer 2020 Internship
    • Fall 2019 Internship
    • Summer 2019 Internship >
      • Public History Night
    • School Year 2018-2019 Internship
    • Summer 2018 Internship >
      • 2018 Summer Showcase + Fundraiser
    • Fall 2017 Internship
    • Summer 2017 Internship >
      • 2017 Summer Showcase & Fundraiser
  • Books
  • Archives
  • Resource Page
    • Supplementary Research Guides >
      • Unit 731 - Guide >
        • Background of Biochemical Warfare Development
        • Imperial Japan's Chemical Warfare Development Program
        • Map of Unit 731
        • Personnel of Unit 731
        • Duties of Unit 731
        • Human Experimentation
        • [GRAPHIC] Germ Warfare Attacks
        • Cover Ups After the War
        • [OLD] Cover Ups After the War
      • Philippines' Resistance - Guide >
        • Philippines World War II Timeline
        • The Japanese Invasion & Conquest of the Philippines
        • Bataan Death March
        • Formation of Underground Philippines Resistance
        • Supplies of the Guerrilla Fighters
        • The Hukbalahap
        • Hunter's ROTC
        • Marking's Guerrillas
        • United States Army Forces in the Philippines of Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL)
        • The Aetas
        • Chinese and Filipino-Chinese Nationalist Guerrilla Units
        • The Female Faces of the Philippine Guerrillas
      • Rising Sun Flag - Guide >
        • History of the Rising Sun Flag
        • Atrocities Committed Under the Flag
        • Rising Sun Flag in Pop Culture
      • Pinay Guerrilleras - Guide >
        • Japanese Occupation of the Philippine Islands: Pinays Answering the Call to Arms
        • The Fierce Heneralas and Kumanders of the Hukbalahap Guerrillas
        • Amazons of the Pacific Theater
        • Filipina American Veterans: Recovering the Extraordinary Feats of the Ordinary Pinays
        • The Legacy of the Asian Women Soldier
      • Fall of Singapore - Guide >
        • Singapore World War II Timeline
        • History of World War II in the Pacific
        • History of Singapore
        • Japan's Conquest in Asia
        • Japan's Invasion of the Malay Peninsula
        • Sook Ching Massacre
        • Double Tenth Incident
        • Social Changes and Challenges in Singapore
        • Voices from Syonan
        • Return to British Rule
      • Three Years and Eight Months - Guide >
        • Hong Kong before WW2
        • Buildup to World War 2
        • The Battle of Hong Kong
        • Life during 3 Years and 8 Months
        • East River Column Guerrilla Fighters
        • Prisoners of War Camps
        • End of Japanese Occupation
        • War Crimes Trials
      • Siamese Sovereignty - Guide >
        • The Land of Smiles
        • The Thai-Japanese Relationship
        • Phibun’s Domestic and International Policies
        • The Free Thai Resistance Movement
        • Post WW2 Aftermath of Thailand
      • The Khabarovsk War Crimes Trial - Guide >
        • Defendants of Khabarovsk War Crime
        • The Japanese Empire and USSR in WW2
        • The Employment of the Bacteriological Weapon in the War
        • Planning of Japan invasion to USSR
      • Unit 731 Cover-up : The Operation Paperclip of the East - Guide >
        • Establishing Manchukuo
        • The Development of Unit 731
        • Plan Kantokuen and Bacteriological Warfare
        • The Downfall of the Japanese WW2 Era
        • Three Stages of Interrogations
        • Lasting Impacts
      • Marutas of Unit 731 - Guide >
        • How did Ishii Shiro start unit 731?
        • A Beta Testing Site
        • Establishing Pingfan
        • Experiences at the Human Experimentation Complex
        • Vivisection at the Unit 731
        • Anta Testing Grounds
        • Overall Advance from the Laboratory Creations
        • The End of the War
      • Prince Konoe Memoir - Guide >
        • Who is Prince Konoe?
        • Preparation to Tripartite Pact
        • Emperor Hirohito and Prince Konoe
        • The End of Prince Konoe
      • Competing Empires in Burma - Guide >
        • What was the China-Burma-India Theater?
        • When did the China-Burma-India Theater Happen?
        • Who Fought in the China-Burma-India Theater?
        • The Second Sino Japanese War
        • Japan in the South
        • Operation U-Go
      • Battle of Shanghai - Guide >
        • The Battle of Shanghai. Background
        • Shanghai Before War
        • The First Battle of Shanghai 1932
        • Battle of Shanghai 1937
        • Aftermath of Battle for Shanghai
      • Ishi Shiro - Guide >
        • History of Biological Weapons and The Young Ishii Shiro
        • Establishment in Manchuria
        • Pingfang District - Harbin
        • Failures and Corruption
        • Post War
      • Taiwan The Israel of the East - Guide >
        • Background of Formosa
        • Industrialization of Japan
        • China During WWII
        • Taiwan under Kuomintang
        • New Taiwanese National Identity
      • Seeking Justice for Biological Warfare Victims of Unit 731 - Guide >
        • Introduction of Wang Xuan
        • Colonel Memorandum
        • The Beginning of Biological Warfare
        • The Bacteriological Warfare on China
        • Victims in Zhejiang’s Testimonies
        • After the War
      • Rice and Revolution - Guide >
        • The French Colonial Period
        • Anti-Colonial Resistance
        • The Rise of the Communist Movement
        • Imperial Japan’s Entry into Indochina
        • The Portents of Famine
        • The Famine (1944-45)
        • Legacy of the 1944-45 Vietnam Famine
      • Clash of Empires - Guide >
        • Japan’s Imperialist Origins
        • Japan’s Competition against the West: Nanshin-ron and Hokushin-ron
        • Japanese Imperialism Through the Lens of French Indochina
        • The U.S.-Japan Relations and the Pearl Harbor Attack
      • Hunger for Power and Self-SufficiencyI - Guide >
        • The Influence of War Rations on Post-War Culinary Transformations
        • How World War II Complicated Food Scarcity and Invention
        • American Military Innovations
        • Government-Sponsored Food Inventions in Europe during World War II
        • Feeding the Army: The Adaptation of Japanese Military Cuisine and Its Impact on the Philippines
        • Mixed Dishes: Culinary Innovations Driven by Necessity and Food Scarcity
      • Denial A Quick Look of History of Comfort Women and Present Days’ Complication - Guide >
        • The Comfort Women System and the Fight for Recognition
        • The Role of Activism and International Pressure
        • The Controversy over Japanese History Textbooks
        • The Sonyŏsang Statue and the Symbolism of Public Memorials
        • Activism and Support from Japanese Citizens
        • The Future of Comfort Women Memorials and Education
      • Echoes of Empire: The Power of Japanese Propaganda - Guide >
        • Brief Overview of Imperial Japan
        • Defining Propaganda
        • Propaganda Encouraging Action​
        • The Rise of Nationalism
        • The Formation of Japanese State Propaganda
        • Youth and Education
      • Shadows of the Rising Sun: The Black Dragon Society and the Dawn of Pan-Asianism - Guide >
        • Origins of the Black Dragon Society
        • The Influence of Pan-Asianism
        • Relationship with Sun Yat-sen
        • The Role in Southeast Asia
        • The Spread of Ideology and Espionage
        • Disbandment and Legacy
      • Chongqing Bombing: The Forgotten Blitz of Asia and Its Lasting Impact - Guide >
        • Introduction and Historical Background
        • The Class Divide During the Bombings
        • Resilience and Unity of Chongqing
        • Key Incidents - Great Tunnel Massacre
        • The Aftermath of the Bombings
        • Legacy and Commemoration
      • Shanghai's International Zone: A Nexus of War, Intelligence, and Survival - Guide >
        • Historical Background
        • The International Zone
        • Battles in Shanghai
        • Civilian Intelligence Efforts
        • Wartime Brutality
        • Aftermath & Legacy
    • Lesson Plans >
      • Reparations
      • Ethics in Science
      • Writing the Narrative of a Pinay Fighter
      • Privilege Journal
      • Environmental Injustices
      • Female Guerrillas
      • Hunter's ROTC
      • Scientific Advancements
      • Seeking Justice: A Humanities Lesson Plan
      • The Hukbalahap
      • Trading Immunity
      • Bataan Death March
      • Biochemical Warfare Development
  • History Remembered
Contribute

Japanese Casualties during the Pacific Theater of WW2

6/13/2022

12 Comments

 
by Tori Borges
Picture
Throughout World War II, the Japanese dispensed millions of soldiers who faced onslaughts of attacks by the enemy, resulting in mass casualties. Like most prolonged conflicts, the number of Japanese who died in the Pacific Theater is challenging to determine. Death totals today are estimations and can vary depending on who's reporting the data. However, examining the estimates of the Japanese death toll is crucial because it allows us to have a more complex view of Imperial Japan as more than just an aggressor. 
Due to American centrism, the American entrance into the Pacific is often used as the start date to estimate casualties. However, before Pearl Harbor and America entered the war, Japan was already entrenched in battles as they made territorial gains. Therefore, considering the deaths before Pearl Harbor, the estimation of Japanese deaths during the Pacific Theater would increase. 
Further, the exact estimation of Japanese who died during the Pacific Theater after Pearl Harbor is debated by historians. The current range is extensive, from 2,600,000 to 3,100,000, with combatant deaths estimated at 2.1 million (The National WWII Museum). The conservative estimate would put noncombatant deaths at around 500,000, while the more liberal estimate would be 1 million. Though a large portion of the Japanese death toll were civilians, most were combatants. 
Most of the 2.1 million Japanese that died in battle lost their lives by traditional means. Japanese soldiers were killed by land, sea, and aerial maneuvers. American descriptions of the Pacific theater battles often involve the unique aspect of Japan's kamikaze pilots, who believed in honorable death and suicide heroism to inflict damage on their enemies. However, it's estimated that kamikaze pilots only made up about 3,800 deaths (Orbell and Morikawa, 305). This number is small in proportion to the total death toll of combatants, showing that while it took the lives of thousands, it was not the driving force behind Japanese death tolls as stereotyped in the American telling of the war. 
The Japanese lost lives in every major battle in the Pacific Theater, but the deadliest battle was the Battle of Okinawa in 1945. During the two-month battle over the island, over 100,000 Japanese soldiers died (Tzeng, 95). The American death tolls from the battle —12,000—were minuscule in comparison. In 1945, America was advancing in their island-hopping campaign to reach Japan, and capturing Okinawa was crucial in their strategy. The Japanese were equally, if not more, desperate to prevent an invasion of Japan, resulting in devastating losses.

While the Japanese military tried to hold off their enemies, civilians were not spared from enemy attacks. In particular, the Japanese home front suffered tremendously in the Pacific Theater from firebombing. In a bid to demoralize Japan into surrender, entire cities were razed. The first air raid on Japan was the Doolittle Raid in 1941, a retaliatory raid that killed several citizens after Pearl Harbor. (Clapson, 98). The frequency and severity of the bombings increased as the war went on. In total, America targeted 66 cities in Japan purposely due to high population density and wooden infrastructure (Tsutsui, 296). The deadliest of the bombings was the Tokyo bombings in March 1945. 
​During this infamous firebombing, the United States dropped bombs on the city of Tokyo, ultimately killing an estimated 100,000. This figure comes from a variety of reports, as the deaths were caused not only by the initial blasts but also by the ensuing fires (Seldon and Seldon, xvi). The fires ravaged Tokyo and its citizens, as thousands died due to blistering heat, oxygen depletion, trampling, and the flames themselves. 

Picture
American soldiers using flamethrowers to clear caves on Okinawa, 1945. Source: Wikicommons
Picture
Charred remains of Japanese civilians after the raid Photo taken by Ishikawa Kōyō(1904-1989) around 10 March, 1945. Source: Wikicommons
The firebombing of Tokyo and subsequent civilian casualties were devastating. However, the most known aspect of the Pacific Theater and the suffering of the Japanese were the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On August 6th, 1945, America dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, resulting in 200,00 deaths (Seldon and Seldon, xxi). Nagasaki was bombed days later on the 9th, killing 74,000. Immediately on impact, 50% of those within three-quarters of a mile from the explosion in both cities died. The atomic bombs also continued to take lives months after they were deployed. 
The dropping of the atomic bombs ultimately led to Japan's surrender and the end of the war in the Pacific. The Japanese were aggressors in World War II and lost, making it common for them to be villainized and their deaths to be minimized. In doing so, however, it erases the millions of lives lost. Japan was an aggressor, but its civilians were victims. When teaching the history of the Pacific Theater, it's important to discuss death tolls in order to have an accurate understanding of events and address the wrongdoings of all sides.  

Picture
A bravura beginning...and an inglorious end. Many thousands of Japanese soldiers returned from the battlefields, carrying urns with the ashes of fellow soldiers on their chests. 1945 Source: The Khabarovsk Trial- Section 3: The Japanese people – victims of militarism
Picture
Resources
Clapson, Mark. “The Conventional and Atomic Bombing of Japan.” The Blitz Companion: Aerial Warfare, Civilians and the City since 1911, University of Westminster Press, 2019, pp. 97–118. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvggx2r2.11. Accessed 7 Jun. 2022.
“Marines Clear Japanese Cave with Flamethrower on Okinawa.” World War Photos, WordPress, https://www.worldwarphotos.info/gallery/usa/pacific/okinawa/marines-clear-japanese-cave-with-flamethrower-on-okinawa/. 
Orbell, John, and Tomonori Morikawa. “An Evolutionary Account of Suicide Attacks: The Kamikaze Case.” Political Psychology, vol. 32, no. 2, 2011, pp. 297–322. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41262897. Accessed 7 Jun. 2022.
“Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II: The National WWII Museum: New Orleans.” The National WWII Museum | New Orleans, https://www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/research-starters/research-starters-worldwide-deaths-world-war.
Selden, Kyoko Iriye, and Mark Selden, editors. The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Routledge, 2015, pp. xi-xxv. Google Scholar, file:///Users/toriborges/Downloads/10.4324_9781315700236_previewpdf.pdf
Tsutsui, William M. “Landscapes in the Dark Valley: Toward an Environmental History of Wartime Japan.” Environmental History, vol. 8, no. 2, 2003, pp. 294–311. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3985713. Accessed 7 Jun. 2022.

Tzeng, Megan. “The Battle of Okinawa, 1945: Final Turning Point in the Pacific.” The History Teacher, vol. 34, no. 1, 2000, pp. 95–117. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3054378. Accessed 7 Jun. 2022.

Images

“Marines Clear Japanese Cave with Flamethrower on Okinawa,” 1945. Photograph. World War Photos, https://www.worldwarphotos.info/gallery/usa/pacific/okinawa/marines-clear-japanese-cave-with-flamethrower-on-okinawa/. 

“The bodies of dead civilians washed away in a river after the Tokyo bombings,” 1945. Photograph. Wikimedia Commons. https://allthatsinteresting.com/firebombing-of-tokyo. 
12 Comments
Robert Rohrer link
8/30/2022 09:08:10 am

Excellent piece -- Thank you! I am currently working on my WWII Part 3 The Pacific War and was looking for an accurate account. The true number will never be known but this article does a great job!
Thank you again.

Reply
Gary Elkhorn
5/2/2023 10:20:33 am

I agree that the Japanese who died as a result of the war should be remembered like any other soldiers that fought and died for their country's cause; since they had no choice in the Warlord policies of the Herohito Government.
I can understand the animosity of the Allied countries that fought against them for the years just after the War. As time fades the anger, the understanding of the people that do the fighting and dying in war as compared to the leaders that cause the war should help to see the need to bring closure to all the living who still suffer from these trajedies now and into the future. I believe everything should be done to recover any records or remains of any dead from those wars.

Reply
william k
5/20/2023 09:16:27 pm

that is war and the old saying what goes around comes around

Reply
Arno Hsiung
7/9/2023 02:40:55 pm

Added to this statistics do not forget that Japanese tortured, worked to death and treated very badly the American and other nation prisoner of war. Same as NAZI SS who were very barbaric.

Reply
Dave Cutler
3/30/2024 03:50:20 am

Do not forget that the Americans took very few Japanese prisoners. Most were shot as they tried to surrender.

Reply
Jose Riojas
4/1/2024 05:01:46 pm

That's because it was hard to tell if they were surrendering or doing some suicidal attack

Jeffrey McMeans
5/31/2024 04:02:05 am

In the first battle against the Japanese on Guadalcanal, the Japanese would pretend to be dead and then kill the Marines close to them with grenades. They wouldn’t surrender and it became necessary to kill the Japanese who pretended to be dead. This lasted the entire war.

Mike Bates
2/18/2024 05:54:21 am

This article erroneously states that "the first air raid on Japan was the Doolittle Raid in 1941. Wrong. The Doolittle raid occurred on April 18, 1942.

To commit such an egregious error with the date of one of the most famous events of World War II calls into question the veracity of everything else in this story.

Reply
Bob Lande
5/10/2025 04:39:02 am

Great point. It was not just a typo.

Reply
David
7/7/2024 03:50:56 am

The Japanese military killed 10's of millions of Chinese civilians and military not to forget over 9 million Chinese women that were abducted and sent to Japanese brothels . Then there was Southeast Asia like the Philippines and also Korea that were also occupied and suffered death and the abduction of women as sex slaves.
And now here comes revisionist history, Americans bad , Japanese victions.
The US military in Europe also always shot the SS when they captured them on the battlefield because they were so fanatical and dangerous.

Reply
Bill
10/7/2024 04:23:48 pm

The same thing is happening on YouTube. The worst of the worst is some host named Spartacus Olsson with TimeGhost. His "special" on the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan is full of personal stories about those Japanese civilians who suffered. Which is true, by the way. But he fails to put it into perspective. Which is just infuriating. But that's today's world. He forgets to mention all sorts of facts that explain why the bombs were dropped. His only focus is that the bombs were dropped and civilians suffered.

It's up to the children of the veterans who fought in this war to remember why it was fought and why it must never be allowed to happen again. I know that both my mother and father taught me about this period. I remember the lessons that my uncles taught me. There are Americans who never, ever forgave Japan. Ever. There is a reason why. We must not forget those reasons.

Let the revisionists have their say. It's a free country. The revisionists forget the reason as to why it's free, and who wanted to change that. But those lessons have been lost on some people who build and maintain websites.

Reply
Andy
3/31/2025 07:00:31 am

What never gets talked about is that China did more against the Japanese then anyone. Japanese dead in China is 1/2 million. If we go for a 3/1 casualty ratio that 2 million men out the war from China. Plus there was nearly 1 1/2 million men surrendered at the end of the war. The US didn`t do this alone

Reply



Leave a Reply.

Pacific Atrocities Education
1639 Polk Street #1070
San Francisco, CA 94109
​415-988-9889
About
Contact
​Internship
Write for us
​​​
Donate


Topics & Issues
Listen
Read  
Teach
​Archive
Copyright © 2021 Pacific Atrocities Education.
​We are a registered 501 (c)(3) charity. ​
  • Home
    • About >
      • FAQ's - Frequently Asked Questions
    • Support Us >
      • Projects you can support! >
        • Distributing Books
        • Presenting at 112th Annual Meeting of Pacific Coast Branch
        • Summer Research Relocation Fund
    • Contact
  • Stories
    • Videos >
      • Black Hearts (2021)
    • Blog
    • Podcast: Forgotten History
  • Internship
    • Summer 2025 Internship
    • Spring 2025 Internship
    • Summer 2024 Internship
    • Summer 2023 Internship
    • Fall 2022 Internship
    • Summer 2022 Internship
    • Summer 2021 Internship
    • Fall 2020- Spring 2021 Internship
    • Summer 2020 Internship
    • Fall 2019 Internship
    • Summer 2019 Internship >
      • Public History Night
    • School Year 2018-2019 Internship
    • Summer 2018 Internship >
      • 2018 Summer Showcase + Fundraiser
    • Fall 2017 Internship
    • Summer 2017 Internship >
      • 2017 Summer Showcase & Fundraiser
  • Books
  • Archives
  • Resource Page
    • Supplementary Research Guides >
      • Unit 731 - Guide >
        • Background of Biochemical Warfare Development
        • Imperial Japan's Chemical Warfare Development Program
        • Map of Unit 731
        • Personnel of Unit 731
        • Duties of Unit 731
        • Human Experimentation
        • [GRAPHIC] Germ Warfare Attacks
        • Cover Ups After the War
        • [OLD] Cover Ups After the War
      • Philippines' Resistance - Guide >
        • Philippines World War II Timeline
        • The Japanese Invasion & Conquest of the Philippines
        • Bataan Death March
        • Formation of Underground Philippines Resistance
        • Supplies of the Guerrilla Fighters
        • The Hukbalahap
        • Hunter's ROTC
        • Marking's Guerrillas
        • United States Army Forces in the Philippines of Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL)
        • The Aetas
        • Chinese and Filipino-Chinese Nationalist Guerrilla Units
        • The Female Faces of the Philippine Guerrillas
      • Rising Sun Flag - Guide >
        • History of the Rising Sun Flag
        • Atrocities Committed Under the Flag
        • Rising Sun Flag in Pop Culture
      • Pinay Guerrilleras - Guide >
        • Japanese Occupation of the Philippine Islands: Pinays Answering the Call to Arms
        • The Fierce Heneralas and Kumanders of the Hukbalahap Guerrillas
        • Amazons of the Pacific Theater
        • Filipina American Veterans: Recovering the Extraordinary Feats of the Ordinary Pinays
        • The Legacy of the Asian Women Soldier
      • Fall of Singapore - Guide >
        • Singapore World War II Timeline
        • History of World War II in the Pacific
        • History of Singapore
        • Japan's Conquest in Asia
        • Japan's Invasion of the Malay Peninsula
        • Sook Ching Massacre
        • Double Tenth Incident
        • Social Changes and Challenges in Singapore
        • Voices from Syonan
        • Return to British Rule
      • Three Years and Eight Months - Guide >
        • Hong Kong before WW2
        • Buildup to World War 2
        • The Battle of Hong Kong
        • Life during 3 Years and 8 Months
        • East River Column Guerrilla Fighters
        • Prisoners of War Camps
        • End of Japanese Occupation
        • War Crimes Trials
      • Siamese Sovereignty - Guide >
        • The Land of Smiles
        • The Thai-Japanese Relationship
        • Phibun’s Domestic and International Policies
        • The Free Thai Resistance Movement
        • Post WW2 Aftermath of Thailand
      • The Khabarovsk War Crimes Trial - Guide >
        • Defendants of Khabarovsk War Crime
        • The Japanese Empire and USSR in WW2
        • The Employment of the Bacteriological Weapon in the War
        • Planning of Japan invasion to USSR
      • Unit 731 Cover-up : The Operation Paperclip of the East - Guide >
        • Establishing Manchukuo
        • The Development of Unit 731
        • Plan Kantokuen and Bacteriological Warfare
        • The Downfall of the Japanese WW2 Era
        • Three Stages of Interrogations
        • Lasting Impacts
      • Marutas of Unit 731 - Guide >
        • How did Ishii Shiro start unit 731?
        • A Beta Testing Site
        • Establishing Pingfan
        • Experiences at the Human Experimentation Complex
        • Vivisection at the Unit 731
        • Anta Testing Grounds
        • Overall Advance from the Laboratory Creations
        • The End of the War
      • Prince Konoe Memoir - Guide >
        • Who is Prince Konoe?
        • Preparation to Tripartite Pact
        • Emperor Hirohito and Prince Konoe
        • The End of Prince Konoe
      • Competing Empires in Burma - Guide >
        • What was the China-Burma-India Theater?
        • When did the China-Burma-India Theater Happen?
        • Who Fought in the China-Burma-India Theater?
        • The Second Sino Japanese War
        • Japan in the South
        • Operation U-Go
      • Battle of Shanghai - Guide >
        • The Battle of Shanghai. Background
        • Shanghai Before War
        • The First Battle of Shanghai 1932
        • Battle of Shanghai 1937
        • Aftermath of Battle for Shanghai
      • Ishi Shiro - Guide >
        • History of Biological Weapons and The Young Ishii Shiro
        • Establishment in Manchuria
        • Pingfang District - Harbin
        • Failures and Corruption
        • Post War
      • Taiwan The Israel of the East - Guide >
        • Background of Formosa
        • Industrialization of Japan
        • China During WWII
        • Taiwan under Kuomintang
        • New Taiwanese National Identity
      • Seeking Justice for Biological Warfare Victims of Unit 731 - Guide >
        • Introduction of Wang Xuan
        • Colonel Memorandum
        • The Beginning of Biological Warfare
        • The Bacteriological Warfare on China
        • Victims in Zhejiang’s Testimonies
        • After the War
      • Rice and Revolution - Guide >
        • The French Colonial Period
        • Anti-Colonial Resistance
        • The Rise of the Communist Movement
        • Imperial Japan’s Entry into Indochina
        • The Portents of Famine
        • The Famine (1944-45)
        • Legacy of the 1944-45 Vietnam Famine
      • Clash of Empires - Guide >
        • Japan’s Imperialist Origins
        • Japan’s Competition against the West: Nanshin-ron and Hokushin-ron
        • Japanese Imperialism Through the Lens of French Indochina
        • The U.S.-Japan Relations and the Pearl Harbor Attack
      • Hunger for Power and Self-SufficiencyI - Guide >
        • The Influence of War Rations on Post-War Culinary Transformations
        • How World War II Complicated Food Scarcity and Invention
        • American Military Innovations
        • Government-Sponsored Food Inventions in Europe during World War II
        • Feeding the Army: The Adaptation of Japanese Military Cuisine and Its Impact on the Philippines
        • Mixed Dishes: Culinary Innovations Driven by Necessity and Food Scarcity
      • Denial A Quick Look of History of Comfort Women and Present Days’ Complication - Guide >
        • The Comfort Women System and the Fight for Recognition
        • The Role of Activism and International Pressure
        • The Controversy over Japanese History Textbooks
        • The Sonyŏsang Statue and the Symbolism of Public Memorials
        • Activism and Support from Japanese Citizens
        • The Future of Comfort Women Memorials and Education
      • Echoes of Empire: The Power of Japanese Propaganda - Guide >
        • Brief Overview of Imperial Japan
        • Defining Propaganda
        • Propaganda Encouraging Action​
        • The Rise of Nationalism
        • The Formation of Japanese State Propaganda
        • Youth and Education
      • Shadows of the Rising Sun: The Black Dragon Society and the Dawn of Pan-Asianism - Guide >
        • Origins of the Black Dragon Society
        • The Influence of Pan-Asianism
        • Relationship with Sun Yat-sen
        • The Role in Southeast Asia
        • The Spread of Ideology and Espionage
        • Disbandment and Legacy
      • Chongqing Bombing: The Forgotten Blitz of Asia and Its Lasting Impact - Guide >
        • Introduction and Historical Background
        • The Class Divide During the Bombings
        • Resilience and Unity of Chongqing
        • Key Incidents - Great Tunnel Massacre
        • The Aftermath of the Bombings
        • Legacy and Commemoration
      • Shanghai's International Zone: A Nexus of War, Intelligence, and Survival - Guide >
        • Historical Background
        • The International Zone
        • Battles in Shanghai
        • Civilian Intelligence Efforts
        • Wartime Brutality
        • Aftermath & Legacy
    • Lesson Plans >
      • Reparations
      • Ethics in Science
      • Writing the Narrative of a Pinay Fighter
      • Privilege Journal
      • Environmental Injustices
      • Female Guerrillas
      • Hunter's ROTC
      • Scientific Advancements
      • Seeking Justice: A Humanities Lesson Plan
      • The Hukbalahap
      • Trading Immunity
      • Bataan Death March
      • Biochemical Warfare Development
  • History Remembered
Contribute